Part I Writing (30 minutes)

　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: City Problems. You should write at least 120 words .following the outline given below in Chinese:

　　1． 越来越多的人涌人大城市，有些问题随之产生
　　2． 比较明显的问题有……
　　3．我对这种现象的想法
　　City Problems

　　Part IIReading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)(15 minutes)

　　Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1.
　　For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked [A], [B], [ C] and [D ]. For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.

　　Paper--More than Meets the Eye
　　We are surrounded by so much paper and card that it is easy to forget just how complex it is. There are many varieties and grades of paper materials, and whilst it is fairly easy to spot the varieties, it is far more difficult to spot the grades.
　　It needs to be understood that most paper and card is manufactured for a specific purpose, so that whilst the corn-flake packet may look smart, it is clearly not something destined for the archives. It is made to look good, but only needs a limited life span. It is also much cheaper to manufacture than high grade card.
　　Paper can be made from an almost endless variety of cellulose-based material which will include many woods, cottons and grasses or which papyrus is an example and from where we get the word "paper". Many of these are very specialized, but the preponderance of paper making has been from soft wood and cotton or rags, with the bulk being wood-based.
　　Paper from Wood
　　In order to make wood into paper it needs to be broken down into fine strands. Firstly by powerful machinery and then boiled with strong alkalies such as caustic soda, until a fine pulp of cellulose fibers is produced. It is from this pulp that the final product is made, relying on the bonding together of the cellulose into layers. That, in a very small nutshell, is the essence
　　of paper making from wood. However, the reality is rather more complicated. In order to give us our white paper and card, the makers will add bleach and other materials such as china clay and additional chemicals.
　　A further problem with wood is that it contains a material that is not cellulose. Something called lignin. This is essential for the tree since it holds the cellulose fibres together, but if it is incorporated into the manufactured paper it presents archivists with a problem. Lignin eventually breaks down and releases acid products into the paper. This will weaken the bond between the cellulose fibers and the paper will become brittle and look rather brown and careworn. We have all seen this in old newspapers and cheap paperback books. It has been estimated that most paper back books will have a life of not greater than fifty years. Not what we need for our archives.
　　Since the lignin can be removed from the paper pulp during manufacture, the obvious question is "why is it left in the paper?" The answer lies in the fact that lignin makes up a considerable part of the tree. By leaving the lignin in the pulp a papermaker can increase his paper yield from a tree to some 95%. Removing it means a yield of only 35%. It is clearly uneconomic to remove the lignin for many paper and card applications.
　　It also means, of course, that lignin-free paper is going to be more expensive, but that is nevertheless what the archivist must look for in his supplies. There is no point whatsoever in carefully placing our valuable artifacts in paper or card that is going to hasten their demise. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials, causing them to fade and is some cases simply vanish!
　　So, how do we tell a piece of suitable paper or card from one that is unsuitable? You cannot do it by simply looking, and rather disappointingly, you cannot always rely on the label. "Acid-free" might be true inasmuch as a test on the paper may
　　indicate that it is a neutral material at this time. But lignin can take years before it starts the inevitable process of breaking down, and in the right conditions it will speed up enormously.
　　Added to this, as I have indicated earlier, paper may also contain other materials added during manufacture such as bleach, china clay, chemical whiteners and size. This looks like a bleak picture, and it would be but for the fact that there are suppliers who will guarantee the material that they sell. If you want to be absolutely sure that you are storing in, or printing on,
　　the correct material then this is probably the only way.
　　Incidentally, acids can migrate from material to material. Lining old shoe boxes with good quality acid-free paper will do little to guard the contents. The acid will get there in the end.
　　Paper from Rag
　　Paper is also commonly made from cotton and rag waste. This has the advantage of being lignin-free, but because there is much less cotton and rag than trees, it also tends to be much more expensive than wood pulp paper. You will still need to
　　purchase from a reliable source though, since even rag paper and card can contain undesirable additives.
　　A reliable source for quality rag papers is a recognized art stockiest. Many water color artists insist on using only fine quality rag paper and board.
　　The main lesson to learn from this information is that you cannot rely on purchasing archival materials from the high street. The only safe solution is to purchase from specialist suppliers. It may cost rather more, but in the end you will know that your important and valuable data and images have the best home possible.

　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答；8-10题在答题卡1上。
　　1. The corn-flake packet is cheaper than __
 

　　2. There are a lot of materials which can be used for making paper, but the superiority ones are __

　　3. During the whole manufacturing process, the final product is made from

　　4. In order to make white paper and card, the makers will add __

　　5. is essential for the tree but it will make paper easy to break.

　　6. Many paper producers will preserve lignin during manufacture, because __

　　7. __ is particularly harmful to photographic materials,

　　8. If the lignin is removed from the paper, the paper will be___________
 

　　9. Although free of lignin, paper made from cotton and rag waste can also cost more money than wood pulp paper because___________

　　10. What we can learn from "Paper from Rag" is that you had better buy archival materials___________
 

　　Part III Listening Comprehension (35 minutes)

　　Section A
　　Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must rend the four choices marked [A], [B], [C]and [D], and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
　　11.
 

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　　Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
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　　Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
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　　Section B
　　Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked [A ], [ B ], [ C ]and [D]. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 E作答。
　　Passage One
　　Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.
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　　Passage Two
　　Questions 29 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.
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　　Passage Three
　　Questions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.
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　　Section C
　　Directions: In this section, you will heat" a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time. you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time. you are required to fill in the blanks numbered.from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally. when the passage is read for the third time. you should check what you have written.
　　注意：此部分试题在答题卡2上；请在答题卡2 上作答。
　　Part Ill Section C
　　Scientists have developed a new cancer drug. So far, they have tested it only on (36) __ animals. The drug is designed to (37) __ and kill cancer cells but not healthy cells.
　　First, the drug enters the cancer and destroys the supply of blood. Then it releases (38)__ to destroy the cancer cells.
　　Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge carried out the study. The (39) __ appeared in Nature ( 40 ) __. A school news release called the drug an "anti-cancer smart bomb".
　　Ram Sasisekharan is a professor at M.I.T. He says his team had to (41) __ three problems. They had to find a way to destroy the blood vessels, then to (42) __ the growth of new ones. But they also needed the blood vessels to supply
　　chemicals to destroy the cancer.
　　So, the researchers designed a two-part "nanocell". The cell is (43) in nanometers, or one thousand millionth of a meter. (44)
　　The scientists say it was small enough to pass through the blood vessels of the cancer, but it was too big to enter normal blood vessels. The surface of the nanocells also helped them to avoid natural defenses.(45)
　　That cut off the blood supply and trapped the nanocell inside the cancer. Then, the nanocell slowly released chemotherapy drugs to kill the cancer cells.(46)
 

　　Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)(25 minutes)

　　Part V Cloze (15 minutes)

　　Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D ] on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
　　Every year more than half a million American kids have drainage (排泄 ) tubes surgically implanted in their ears to combat persistent infections. The procedure, known as tympanostomy, may not be as 67 as the tonsillectomy was in the 1940s, but it now 68 as the nation's leading childhood 69 and a new study suggests it's being vastly overused. In 70 more than 6,000 scheduled ear tube operations, a team of experts 71 by Harvard pediatrician Lawrence Kleinman found that fewer than half were clearly justified. "Each year", the researchers write in the
　　current Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), "several hundred thousand children in the United States may be 72 tympanostomy tubes that offer them no demonstrated 73 ...and may place them at increased 74 ."
　　Tube placement isn't a 75 risky procedure, but it costs $1,000 to $1,500 and sometimes scars the eardrum, causing a partial loss of 76 . Studies show that the
　　benefits are most likely to 77 the risks ifa child's middle ear has produced sticky fluid 78 more than four months despite treatment 79 antibiotics. For less virulent infections, drug treatment is Usually a(n) 80 , safer alternative (though drugs, too, can be overused). In the new JAMA study, Kleinman's team reviewed the medical charts of 6,429 kids, all under 16, 81 doctors had recommended the procedure. Even making "generous assumptions" about the likely 82 , the researchers found that a quarter of the proposed operations were 83 , since less invasive alternatives were available, 84 another third were as likely to harm the recipients as help them. Parents needn't 85 about ear tubes that are already in place. Once 86 implanted, the tiny devices provide drainage for six months to a year, then come out by reducing health costs by hundreds of millions of dollars every year.
　　67.
 

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  　　 86.

　　Part VI Translation (5 minutes)

　　Directions: Complete the sentences on Answer Sheet 2 by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.

　　注意：此部分试题在答题卡2上；请在答题卡2上作答。
　　Part VI Translation (5 minutes)
　　87．Only then________ (莫妮卡才意识到她有多爱她的丈夫)．
 

　　88．________ (这份工作吸引我的地方)is the salary and the possibility of foreign travel．
 

　　89．It is time that________ (我们为期末考试做准备)．
 

　　90．If you had________(听了我的劝告，你就通过考试了)．
 

　　91．What do you think of his suggestion that________ (我们应该把家搬到离父母近点儿的地方)?