Part II                               Reading

Directions:     There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

21.  At one time doctors discouraged taking multivitamins because they believed that multivitamins ____.

22.  According to the author, clinical trials of vitamin supplements ____.

23.  It has been found that vitamin E _____.

24.  It can be seen that large doses of multivitamins _____.

25.  The author concludes the passage with the advice that _____.

Passage Two

 

Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.

      Some futurologists have assumed that the vast upsurge (剧增) of women in the workforce may portend a rejection of marriage. Many women, according to this hypothesis, would rather work than marry. The converse (反面) of this concern is that the prospects of becoming a multi-paycheck household could encourage marriages. In the past, only the earnings and financial prospects of the man counted in the marriage decision. Now, however, the earning ability of a woman can make her more attractive as a marriage partner. Data show that economic downturns tend to postpone marriage because the parties cannot afford to establish a family or are concerned about rainy days ahead. As the economy rebounds, the number of marriages also rises.

      Coincident with the increase in women working outside the home is the increase in divorce rates. Yet, it may be wrong to jump to any simple cause-and-effect conclusions. The impact of a wife's work on divorce is no less cloudy than its impact on marriage decisions. The realization that she can be a good provider may increase the chances that a working wife will choose divorce over an unsatisfactory marriage. But the reverse is equally plausible. Tensions grounded in financial problems often play a key role in ending a marriage. Given high unemployment, inflationary problems, and slow growth in real earnings, a working wife can increase household income and relieve some of these pressing financial burdens. By raising a family's standard of living, a working wife may strengthen her family's financial and emotional stability.

      Psychological factors also should be considered. For example, a wife blocked from a career outside the home may feel caged in the house. She may view her only choice as seeking a divorce. On the other hand, if she can find fulfillment through work outside the home, work and marriage can go together to create a stronger and more stable union.

      Also, a major part of women's inequality in marriage has been due to the fact that, in most cases, men have remained the main breadwinners. With higher earning capacity and status occupations outside of the home comes the capacity to exercise power within file family. A working wife may rob a husband of being the master of the house. Depending upon how the couple reacts to these new conditions, it could create a stronger equal partnership or it could create new insecurities.

26.  The word "portend" (Line 2, Para. 1) is closest in meaning to “_____”.

27.  It is said in the passage that when the economy slides, _____.

28.  If women find fulfillment through work outside the home, _____.

29.  One reason why women with no career may seek a divorce is that _____.

Passage Three

 

Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage,

      For most thinkers since the Greek philosophers, it was self-evident that there is something called human nature, something that constitutes the essence of man. There were various views about what constitutes it, but there was agreement that such an essence exists -- that is to say, that there is something by virtue of which man is man. Thus man was defined as a rational being, as a social animal, an animal that can make tools, or a symbol-making animal.

      More recently, this traditional view has begun to be questioned. One reason for this change was the increasing emphasis given to the historical approach to man. An examination of the history of humanity suggested that man in our epoch is so different from man in previous times that it seemed unrealistic to assume that men in every age have had in common something that can be called "human nature." The historical approach was reinforced, particularly in the United States, by studies in the field of cultural anthropology (人类学). The study of primitive peoples has discovered such a diversity of customs, values, feelings, and thoughts that many anthropologists arrived at the concept that man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes its text. Another factor contributing to the tendency to deny the assumption of a fixed human nature was that the concept has so often been abused as a shield behind which the most inhuman acts are committed. In the name of human nature, for example, Aristotle and most thinkers up to the eighteenth century defended slavery. Or in order to prove the rationality and necessity of the capitalist form of society, scholars have tried to make a case for acquisitiveness, competitiveness, and selfishness as innate (天生的) human traits. Popularly, one refers cynically to "human nature" in accepting the inevitability of such undesirable human behavior as greed, murder, cheating and lying.

      Another reason for skepticism about the concept of human nature probably lies in the influence of evolutionary thinking. Once man came to be seen as developing in the process of evolution, the idea of a substance which is contained in his essence seemed untenable. Yet I believe it is precisely from an evolutionary standpoint that we can expect new insight into the problem of the nature of man.

31.  The traditional view of "human nature" was strongly challenged by _____.

32.  According to the passage, anthropologists believe that human beings _____.

33.  The author mentioned Aristotle, a great ancient thinker, in order to _____.

34.  The word "untenable" (Line 3) in the last paragraph of the passage most probably means _____.

35.  Most philosophers believed that human nature _____.

Passage Four

Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.

 

      Richard Satava, program manager for advanced medical technologies, has been a driving force in bringing virtual reality to medicine, where computers create a "virtual" or simulated environment for surgeons and other medical practitioners (从业者).

      "With virtual reality we'll be able to put a surgeon in every trench," said Satava. He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers.

      The computers would transmit images of the soldiers to surgeons back in the U.S. The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets (头盔) that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound. The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier.

      Although Satava's vision may be years away from standard operating procedure, scientists are progressing toward virtual reality surgery. Engineers at an international organization in California are developing a tele-operating device. As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery, they move instruments that are connected to a computer, which passes their movements to robotic instruments that perform the surgery. The computer provides, feedback to the surgeon on force, textures, and sound.

      These technological wonders may not yet be part of the community hospital setting but increasingly some of the machinery is finding its way into civilian medicine. At Wayne State University Medical School, surgeon Lucia Zamorano takes images of the brain from computerized scans and uses a computer program to produce a 3-D image. She can then maneuver the 3-D image on the computer screen to map the shortest, least invasive surgical path to the rumor (肿瘤). Zamorano is also using technology that attaches a probe to surgical instruments so that she can track their positions. While cutting away a tumor deep in the brain, she watches the movement of her surgical tools in a computer graphics image of the patient's brain taken before surgery.

      During these procedures -- operations that are done through small cuts in the body in which a miniature camera and surgical tools are maneuvered -- surgeons are wearing 3-D glasses for a better view. And they are commanding robot surgeons to cut away tissue more accurately than human surgeons can.

      Satava says, "We are in the midst of a fundamental change in the field of medicine."

36.  According to Richard Satava, the application of virtual reality to medicine _____.

37.  Richard Satava has visions of _____.

38.  How is virtual reality surgery performed?

39.  During virtual reality operations, the surgeon can have a better view of the cuts in the body because _____.

40.  Virtual reality operations are an improvement on conventional surgery in that they _____.

Part III                             Vocabulary                                              (20 minutes)

Directions:     There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

41.  He suggested that we put the scheme into effect, for it is quite _____.

42.  This book is about how these basic beliefs and values affect important _____ of American life.

43.  It is one thing to locate oil, but it is quite another to _____ and transport it to the industrial centers.

44.  Students are expected to be quiet and _____ in an Asian classroom.

45.  Our reporter has just called to say that rescue teams will _____ to bring out the trapped miners.

46.  The Spanish team, who are not in superb form, will be doing their best next week to _____ themselves on tile German team for last year's defeat.

47.  Creating so much confusion, Mason realized he had better make _____ what he was trying to tell the audience.

48.  One of the examination questions _____ me completely and I couldn't answer it.

49.  The vision of that big black car hitting the sidewalk a few feet from us will never be _____ from my memory.

50.  At present, it is not possible to confirm or to refute the suggestion that there is a causal relationship between the amount of fat we eat and the _____ of heart attacks.

51.  There are many who believe that the use of force _____ political ends can never be justified.

52.  Sometimes the bank manager himself is asked to _____ cheques if his clerks are not sure about them.

53.  It is believed that the authorities are thinking of _____ new taxes to raise extra revenue.

54.  When she heard the bad news, her eyes _____ with tears as she struggled to control her emotions.

55.  There are occasions when giving a gift _____ spoken communication, since the message it offers can cut through barriers of language and cultural diversity.

56.  In order to keep the line moving, customers with lengthy _____ are required to do their banking inside.

57.  President Wilson attempted to _____ between the powers to end the war, but neither side was prepared to give in.

58.  The police have installed cameras at dangerous road _____ to film those who drive through red traffic lights.

59.  It is reported that thirty people were killed in a _____ on the railway yesterday.

60.  Since a circle has no beginning or end, the wedding ring is accepted as a symbol of _____ love.

61.  Executives of the company enjoyed an _____ lifestyle of free gifts, fine wines and high salaries.

62.  If you want to get into that tunnel, you first have to _____ away all the rocks.

63.  Some crops are relatively high yielders and could be planted in preference to others to _____ the food supply.

64.  Astronomers at the University of California discovered one of the most distant _____.

65.  Many great scientists _____ their success to hard work.

66.  The sign set up by the road _____ drivers to a sharp turn.

67.  The doctors don't _____ that the patient will live much longer.

68.  Call your doctor for advice if the _____ persist for more than a few days.

69.  We find it impossible to _____ with the latest safety regulations.

70.  Professor Smith and Professor Brown will _____ in presenting the series of lectures on American literature.